在此之前,兰格已经进行了两项涉及老年患者的研究。其中一项发现,在奖励的激励下,处于记忆力减退早期阶段的养老院老人能够在记忆力测试中获得更好的成绩。这说明,在许多情况下,对外界漠然被错误地当作大脑退化。在另一项如今被公认为社会心理学经典的研究中,兰格将室内植物分发给两组养老院老人。她告诉其中一组老人他们要负责养活这些植物,并允许他们对自己的作息安排做出选择。而另一组老人则被告知,植物有工作人员照顾,且他们没有得到作息安排上的任何选择。18个月后,关怀植物、并能对自己的作息时间表做出决策的那一组仍然健在的老人是对照组的两倍。
To Langer, this was evidence that the biomedical model of the day — that the mind and the body are on separate tracks — was wrongheaded. The belief was that “the only way to get sick is through the introduction of a pathogen, and the only way to get well is to get rid of it,” she said, when we met at her office in Cambridge in December. She came to think that what people needed to heal themselves was a psychological “prime” — something that triggered the body to take curative measures all by itself. Gathering the older men together in New Hampshire, for what she would later refer to as a counterclockwise study, would be a way to test this premise.
在兰格看来,这些证据显示了当时的生物医学模式——即心灵和身体分道而驰——陷入了认识误区。12月,当我在她位于马萨诸塞州剑桥的办公室里见到她时,她说,当时医学界相信“病原体侵入是导致人体患病的唯一途径,而要恢复健康,也惟有摆脱病原体”。她逐渐产生的一个设想是,人需要某种心理上的“触发刺激”来自行痊愈,也就是触发身体自行动用所有的康复手段。让上文提到的老年男性汇聚新罕布什尔州,进行她后来所称的“逆时针”研究,就是测试这个假设的一种方式。
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