然而,兰格的这种感性有时会与当代学术界的严谨格格不入。有时候,她会对信手拈来的灵感和经过同行评议的研究给予同等份量。她含糊地告诉我,她在新罕布什尔州做过的“逆时针”研究,已经在英国、荷兰和韩国“重复”了三次。但这些都不是在严格的实验室条件下开展的实验,而是为制作电视节目而搞的活动。宾夕法尼亚大学(University of Pennsylvania)医学院心理学荣誉退休教授、经常发表文章揭露伪科学的詹姆斯·科因(James Coyne)称,当年那项可以说令兰格成名的研究(养老院老人与植物),“在今天看来并没有多少可信度,也不会满足如今收紧之后的严谨标准。”(但科因也承认,“20世纪70年代的大多数工作,包括我自己的那项‘抑郁症患者可导致其他人抑郁’的研究,也是这种情况。”)科因表示,兰格的长期贡献“将体现于它们所鼓舞的思维和实验”。
Four years ago, Langer and her colleagues published in Psychological Science a study that came closest in spirit to the original counterclockwise study in New Hampshire. Here, too, the placebo was a health prime, a situational nudge. They had two groups of subjects go into a flight simulator. One group was told to think of themselves as Air Force pilots and given flight suits to wear while guiding a simulated flight. The other group was told that the simulator was broken and that they should just pretend to fly a plane. Afterward, they gave each group an eyesight test. The group that piloted the flight performed 40 percent better than the other group. Clearly “mind-set manipulation can counteract presumed physiological limits,” Langer said. If a certain kind of prompt could change vision, Langer thought, there was no reason, that you couldn’t try almost anything. The endgame, she has said many times since, is to “return the control of our health back to ourselves.”
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